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4.2.1. CAN (CAN’T) exprime
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la possibilité (l’impossibilité):
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When the weather is clear you can see the coast. |
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I’m afraid I can’t come to your party. |
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la capacité (l’incapacité) / l’(in)aptitude:
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Can you speak any foreign languages? |
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This car can drive at 120 mph. |
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They can’t understand our problem. |
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la permission (le refus):
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Can I stay until midnight? |
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You can’t have the car on Saturday night.
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La forme négative complète est “ cannot ”. |
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Les formes de substitution sont “ be able to ” (possibilité, capacité, aptitude) et “ be allowed to ” (permission).
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4.2.2. COULD / WAS ABLE TO
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Au passé (simple past), pour exprimer la capacité ou l’aptitude, COULD s’emploie
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à propos d’une capacité/aptitude générale ou permanente
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He could walk at the age of ten months. |
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I could play football very well when I was a kid. |
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devant un verbe exprimant la perception par les sens (see - hear - smell - feel - taste) ou par l'esprit (think - understand)
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When she walked into the house she could smell something burning.
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WAS ABLE TO s’emploie à propos de situations particulières ou temporaires
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They were able to climb to the top of the mountain before the storm broke out. |
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Manchester Utd were able to equalize just before half time.
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A la forme négative, COULDN’T s’emploie dans toutes les situations
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I couldn’t hear what he was saying. |
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My grandfather couldn’t cook.
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I couldn't come to your party last week.
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4.2.3. “ COULD + infinitif ” - “ COULD HAVE + participe passé ”
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COULD + infinitif s’emploie
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comme passé de CAN (voir 4.2.2.) |
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pour demander la permission
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Could I use your bathroom, please? |
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comme conditionnel présent de CAN, notamment pour formuler des suggestions ou évoquer des possibilités d’avenir
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You could get the job if you prepared the interview carefully. |
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We could go and see a movie tonight. |
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There could be an oil shortage in the next century.
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COULD HAVE + participe passé s’emploie
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comme conditionnel passé de CAN
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You could have got the job if you had applied for it. |
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I didn’t receive an invitation, but I couldn’t have gone to the party anyway, I had other plans. |
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en particulier pour formuler des reproches
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They could have told us that the meeting was cancelled.
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4.2.4. “ CAN’T / COULDN’T + infinitif ” - “ CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE + participe passé ”
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CAN’T / COULDN’T + infinitif peuvent exprimer une déduction négative par rapport à un événement présent
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The house can’t / couldn’t be empty, I can hear people talking. |
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You can’t / couldn’t be tired already, we’ve only been walking for half an hour. |
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CAN’T / COULDN’T HAVE + participe passé peuvent exprimer une déduction négative par rapport à un événement passé
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He can’t / couldn’t have killed his wife, he was with me all night. |
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You can’t / couldn’t have carried all those heavy boxes upstairs alone.
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4.2.5. DEMANDES POLIES
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On peut employer CAN et COULD |
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lorsqu’on demande poliment à quelqu’un de faire quelque chose
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Can you give me a hand? |
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Could you lend me your car tonight? |
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lorsqu’on propose gentiment à quelqu’un de faire quelque chose
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I can talk to your Dad, if you like. |
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I could come back later, if this is the wrong time.
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