{"id":37373,"date":"2016-05-10T13:28:03","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T11:28:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php\/smao\/"},"modified":"2022-05-19T16:51:43","modified_gmt":"2022-05-19T14:51:43","slug":"smao","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/?page_id=37373","title":{"rendered":"SMAO"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"37373\" class=\"elementor elementor-37373\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37699e04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37699e04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2516a2ac\" data-id=\"2516a2ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64581c65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64581c65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table style=\"width: 1100px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: left;\"><a href=\"index.php\/expo-virtuelle\/classified\/origins\/interbellum\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Previous page<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"index.php\/expo-virtuelle\/classified\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Back to exhibition&rsquo;s homepage<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php\/utrecht\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Next page<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 1100px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #31859c;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36853\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drapeau-holande.jpg\" alt=\"drapeau holande\" width=\"14\" height=\"10\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>MILITAIRE VEILIGHEID IN BEZET DUITSLAND (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #31859c;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36873\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Drapeau_anglais.jpg\" alt=\"Drapeau anglais\" width=\"18\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>THE SMAO: S\u00dbRETE MILITAIR IN OCCUPIED GERMANY (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #31859c;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36883\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Drapeau_france.jpg\" alt=\"Drapeau france\" width=\"15\" height=\"10\" \/>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>LA SMAO: S\u00dbRETE MILITAIRE EN ALLEMAGNE OCCUPEE (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Waar de Militaire Veiligheid, actief in de periode 1914-1918, wordt afgeschaft einde september 1919, wordt einde 1918 een nieuwe dienst militaire veiligheid ge\u00efnstalleerd ten behoeve van het Belgische Bezettingsleger in Duitsland: de \u2018S\u00fbret\u00e9 Militaire de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e d\u2019Occupation\u2019 (SMAO).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Although the S\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire of the 1914-1918 period was officially dissolved at the end of September 1919, a new military agency was established in late 1918 near the Belgian forces of occupation in Germany (in Rhineland and the Ruhr): the SMAO.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Si la S\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire active en 1914-1918 est officiellement supprim\u00e9e fin septembre 1919, un nouveau service de s\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire est install\u00e9 fin 1918 pr\u00e8s de l\u2019arm\u00e9e d\u2019occupation belge en Allemagne (en Rh\u00e9nanie et Ruhr) : la SMAO (S\u00fbret\u00e9 Militaire de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e d\u2019Occupation).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Ditmaal zijn de rollen omgedraaid: het Belgische leger bevindt zich in de rol van de bezetter en moet het hoofd bieden aan het verzet van de Duitsers, die deze bezetting als onwettig beschouwen. In dit gespannen klimaat is de opdracht van de SMAO, verantwoordelijk voor de veiligheid van het leger, vitaal.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">That time, the situation had reversed: the Belgian army was the occupier and had to face the resistance of hostile Germans who deemed the occupation illegitimate. In this tense context, the SMAO\u2019s mission, which consisted in ensuring the security of the army, was of the utmost importance.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Cette fois, la situation est invers\u00e9e : l\u2019arm\u00e9e belge se retrouve dans la position de l\u2019occupant et doit faire face \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance des Allemands hostiles \u00e0 une occupation per\u00e7ue comme ill\u00e9gitime. Dans ce climat tendu, la mission de la SMAO, charg\u00e9e de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019arm\u00e9e, est tr\u00e8s importante.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">De taken zijn meervoudig en heterogeen. De dienst moet zich wijden aan de contraspionage, inwinnen van politieke inlichtingen zoals de controle van de publieke opinie, en het toezicht op communistische en nationalistische bewegingen. Anderzijds moet de SMAO optreden als een dienst ter handhaving van de openbare orde en als gerechtelijke politie.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">The SMAO was entrusted with a wide range of tasks. It had to conduct counter-intelligence and political intelligence missions (assessing the state of mind of the population, monitoring communist and nationalist movements, etc.), and act as a peacekeeping force and judiciary police.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Ses t\u00e2ches sont multiples et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. Elle doit se livrer \u00e0 la fois au contre-espionnage et au renseignement politique (contr\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019esprit des populations, surveillance des mouvements communistes, nationalistes, etc.) et officier comme force de maintien de l\u2019ordre et de police judiciaire.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">De ervaringen van de Eerste Wereldoorlog maken dat de meeste van de agenten van de SMAO Duitsland-haters zijn. Er zijn voortdurend wrijvingen met de lokale bevolking. En omdat ze slecht Duits spreken, zijn ze overgeleverd aan informanten.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Still affected by the First World War, most SMAO agents shared an anti-German sentiment. The context regularly generated frictions between them and the local population. Since they spoke German poorly, they had to count on informants.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">Marqu\u00e9s par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre, les agents de la SMAO sont pour la plupart germanophobes. Ils connaissent des frictions r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es avec la population locale. Parlant mal l\u2019allemand, ils doivent se fier \u00e0 des indicateurs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cdcefbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cdcefbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9459492\" data-id=\"9459492\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c7fcd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c7fcd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><td><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36853\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/drapeau-holande.jpg\" alt=\"drapeau holande\" width=\"14\" height=\"10\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0<em>De zaak GRAFF<\/em><\/p><p><em>Op 21 maart 1923, naar aanleiding van een uit de hand gelopen identiteitscontrole, doodt de agent van de SMAO Schmitz een \u2018Schutzpolizist\u2019 te Hamborn, nabij Duisburg,. Schmitz handelde niet uit wettige zelfverdediging. Als vergelding doden de Duitsers twee dagen later de Belgische luitenant Graff, die zij verkeerdelijk voor Schmitz aanzien. Deze zaak choqueert de Belgische opinie.<\/em><\/p><\/td><td rowspan=\"3\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36873\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Drapeau_anglais.jpg\" alt=\"Drapeau anglais\" width=\"18\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0<em>The Graff case<\/em><\/p><p><em>In March 1921, during an identity check, SMAO Agent Schmitz killed, without being in self-defence, a German agent of the Schupo in Duisburg. Two days later, Germans retaliated by killing the Belgian Lieutenant Graff, whom they thought was actually Schmitz. The murder of Graff caused a scandal in Belgium. Since it casted doubts on the German justice system, Belgium undertook its own judicial investigation.<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-36883\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Drapeau_france.jpg\" alt=\"Drapeau france\" width=\"15\" height=\"10\" \/>\u00a0<em>L\u2019affaire Graff<\/em><\/p><p><em>En mars 1921, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion d\u2019un contr\u00f4le d\u2019identit\u00e9, l\u2019agent de la SMAO Schmitz tue, sans \u00eatre en \u00e9tat de l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9fense, un agent allemand de la Schutzpolizei \u00e0 Duisburg.<\/em><br \/><em>En guise de repr\u00e9sailles, des Allemands tuent deux jours plus tard le lieutenant belge Graff, pris \u00e0 tort pour Schmitz. L\u2019assassinat de Graff fait scandale dans l\u2019opinion belge. M\u00e9fiants \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la justice allemande, les Belges m\u00e8nent parall\u00e8lement leur propre enqu\u00eate judiciaire.<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e948eb6\" data-id=\"e948eb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1837a86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1837a86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-37363\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-300x241.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-1024x822.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-768x617.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-1536x1233.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-2048x1644.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/affairegraff-1568x1259.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5729cf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5729cf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0fff211\" data-id=\"0fff211\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12a55ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12a55ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table style=\"width: 1100px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">De geschiedenis van de SMAO is doorspekt met aanslagen en schandalen. Zo wordt de dienst bekritiseerd omwille van zijn rol in de nasleep van de aanslag tegen de spoorwegbrug te Hochfeld (30 juni 1923), waarbij 11 Belgische militairen omkomen. Daarenboven wordt hij in vraag gesteld wanneer bepaalde van zijn agenten de Rijnlandse separatisten steunen, wat leidt tot de putsch van Aken tijdens de nacht van 20 op 21 oktober 1923.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">The history of the SMAO was punctuated by scandals and attacks. Some agents supported the Rhineland separatism that led to the coup of October 1923. The agency was also criticised for its inefficiency after the Hochfeld attack (30th June 1923), in which 11 Belgian soldiers died.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">L\u2019histoire de la SMAO est \u00e9maill\u00e9e de scandales et d\u2019attentats. Certains agents soutiennent le s\u00e9paratisme rh\u00e9nan qui m\u00e8nera au putsch d\u2019octobre 1923. Elle est aussi critiqu\u00e9e pour son inefficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019attentat ferroviaire de Hochfeld (30 juin 1923) qui co\u00fbtera la vie \u00e0 11 militaires belges.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"width: 1100px; border: 5px solid transparent;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: left;\"><a href=\"index.php\/expo-virtuelle\/classified\/origins\/interbellum\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Previous page<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"index.php\/expo-virtuelle\/classified\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Back to exhibition&rsquo;s homepage<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 300px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; border: 5px solid transparent; text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php\/utrecht\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">Next page<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Previous page Back to exhibition&rsquo;s homepage Next page \u00a0MILITAIRE VEILIGHEID IN BEZET DUITSLAND (1918-1929) \u00a0THE SMAO: S\u00dbRETE MILITAIR IN OCCUPIED &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"parent":37353,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-37373","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=37373"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37373\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59643,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37373\/revisions\/59643"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=37373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}