{"id":37373,"date":"2016-05-10T13:28:03","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T11:28:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/index.php\/smao\/"},"modified":"2022-05-19T16:51:43","modified_gmt":"2022-05-19T14:51:43","slug":"smao","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.uclouvain.be\/digithemis\/?page_id=37373","title":{"rendered":"SMAO"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\"drapeau\u00a0<\/strong>MILITARY SECURITY IN OCCUPIED GERMANY (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\"Drapeau\u00a0<\/strong>THE SMAO: S\u00dbRETE MILITAIR IN OCCUPIED GERMANY (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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\"Drapeau\u00a0<\/strong>SMAO: S\u00dbRETE MILITAIRE EN ALLEMAGNE OCCUPEE (1918-1929)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Where Military Security, active during the period 1914-1918, will be abolished at the end of September 1919, becomes an end 1918 een nieuwe dienst militaire veiligheid ge\u00efnstalleerd ten behoeve van het Belgische Bezettingsleger in Duitsland: de \u2018S\u00fbret\u00e9 Militaire de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e d\u2019Occupation\u2019 (SMAO).<\/td>\nAlthough the S\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire of the 1914-1918 period was officially dissolved at the end of September 1919, a new military agency was established in late 1918 near the Belgian forces of occupation in Germany (in Rhineland and the Ruhr): the SMAO.<\/td>\nSi la S\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire active en 1914-1918 est officiellement supprim\u00e9e fin septembre 1919, un nouveau service de s\u00fbret\u00e9 militaire est install\u00e9 fin 1918 pr\u00e8s de l\u2019arm\u00e9e d\u2019occupation belge en Allemagne (en Rh\u00e9nanie et Ruhr) : SMAO (S\u00fbret\u00e9 Militaire de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e d\u2019Occupation).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
This time the roles are reversed: the Belgian army finds itself in the role of the occupier and has to face the resistance of the Germans, who consider this occupation illegal. In this tense climate, the SMAO's mission is:, responsible for the security of the army, vital.<\/td>\nThat time, the situation had reversed: the Belgian army was the occupier and had to face the resistance of hostile Germans who deemed the occupation illegitimate. In this tense context, the SMAO\u2019s mission, which consisted in ensuring the security of the army, was of the utmost importance.<\/td>\nThis time, la situation est invers\u00e9e : l\u2019arm\u00e9e belge se retrouve dans la position de l\u2019occupant et doit faire face \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance des Allemands hostiles \u00e0 une occupation per\u00e7ue comme ill\u00e9gitime. In this tense climate, the mission of the SMAO, charg\u00e9e de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019arm\u00e9e, est tr\u00e8s importante.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The tasks are multiple and heterogeneous. The service must devote itself to counterintelligence, gathering political intelligence such as monitoring public opinion, and monitoring communist and nationalist movements. On the other hand, the SMAO must act as a service for maintaining public order and as a judicial police.<\/td>\nThe SMAO was entrusted with a wide range of tasks. It had to conduct counter-intelligence and political intelligence missions (assessing the state of mind of the population, monitoring communist and nationalist movements, etc.), and act as a peacekeeping force and judiciary police.<\/td>\nSes t\u00e2ches sont multiples et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes. Elle doit se livrer \u00e0 la fois au contre-espionnage et au renseignement politique (contr\u00f4le de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019esprit des populations, surveillance of communist movements, nationalists, etc.) et officier comme force de maintien de l\u2019ordre et de police judiciaire.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The experiences of World War I make most of the SMAO's agents German haters. There are constant frictions with the local population. And because they speak bad German, they are at the mercy of informants.<\/td>\nStill affected by the First World War, most SMAO agents shared an anti-German sentiment. The context regularly generated frictions between them and the local population. Since they spoke German poorly, they had to count on informants.<\/td>\nMarqu\u00e9s par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre, SMAO agents are mostly Germanophobic. Ils connaissent des frictions r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es avec la population locale. Parlant mal l\u2019allemand, ils doivent se fier \u00e0 des indicateurs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\"drapeau\u00a0\u00a0The GRAFF case<\/em><\/p>

Op 21 March 1923, following an identity check that got out of hand, doodt de agent van de SMAO Schmitz een \u2018Schutzpolizist\u2019 te Hamborn, near Duisburg,. Schmitz did not act in lawful self-defense. In retaliation, the Germans killed Belgian lieutenant Graff two days later, whom they mistakenly mistake for Schmitz. This case shocks Belgian opinion.<\/em><\/p><\/td>

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\"Drapeau\u00a0\u00a0The Graff case<\/em><\/p>

In March 1921, during an identity check, SMAO Agent Schmitz killed, without being in self-defence, a German agent of the Schupo in Duisburg. Two days later, Germans retaliated by killing the Belgian Lieutenant Graff, whom they thought was actually Schmitz. The murder of Graff caused a scandal in Belgium. Since it casted doubts on the German justice system, Belgium undertook its own judicial investigation.<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\"Drapeau\u00a0L\u2019affaire Graff<\/em><\/p>

A March 1921, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion d\u2019un contr\u00f4le d\u2019identit\u00e9, l\u2019agent de la SMAO Schmitz tue, sans \u00eatre en \u00e9tat de l\u00e9gitime d\u00e9fense, un agent allemand de la Schutzpolizei \u00e0 Duisburg.<\/em>
En guise de repr\u00e9sailles, Germans kill Belgian lieutenant Graff two days later, pris \u00e0 tort pour Schmitz. L\u2019assassinat de Graff fait scandale dans l\u2019opinion belge. M\u00e9fiants \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la justice allemande, les Belges m\u00e8nent parall\u00e8lement leur propre enqu\u00eate judiciaire.<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The history of the SMAO is peppered with attacks and scandals. For example, the service is criticized for its role in the aftermath of the attack on the railway bridge in Hochfeld (30 June 1923), whereby 11 Belgian soldiers die. In addition, he is questioned when certain of his agents support the Rhenish separatists, leading to the Aachen putsch during the night of 20 op 21 October 1923.<\/td>\nThe history of the SMAO was punctuated by scandals and attacks. Some agents supported the Rhineland separatism that led to the coup of October 1923. The agency was also criticised for its inefficiency after the Hochfeld attack (30th June 1923), in which 11 Belgian soldiers died.<\/td>\nL\u2019histoire de la SMAO est \u00e9maill\u00e9e de scandales et d\u2019attentats. Certains agents soutiennent le s\u00e9paratisme rh\u00e9nan qui m\u00e8nera au putsch d\u2019octobre 1923. Elle est aussi critiqu\u00e9e pour son inefficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019attentat ferroviaire de Hochfeld (30 june 1923) qui co\u00fbtera la vie \u00e0 11 Belgian soldiers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n
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