Eds: Barbara De Cock, Magali Paquot & Kristel Van Goethem
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Karen De Clercq & Guido Vanden Wyngaerd<\/strong> C\u00e9line Szecel<\/strong> Philippe De Brabanter<\/strong> Aurore Paligot<\/strong> Martin Verbeke<\/strong><\/p>\n This article investigates the use of non-standard language in a corpus of selected francophone rap tracks containing 136 tracks from more than 60 different rappers. The following research question is being tackled: to what extent do French rappers use slang, verlan<\/em>, colloquialisms, vulgarities, foreign borrowings, and abbreviations, and how are these words used? This study relies on a lexicographic analysis to produce quantitative results which are then analysed qualitatively by means of extract analyses. The general conclusion from this analysis is that, on average, French rappers do not deviate that much from standard French, since 93% of their vocabulary is perfectly standard. This finding confirms what other researchers in the field found, but on a wider scale. Since colloquial words are the most widely used NSL category in the corpus, this study shows that French rappers\u2019 NSL vocabulary is not oversaturated with cryptic language. In fact, all the cryptic NSL categories combined (slang, verlan<\/em>, and combinations) account for around only 2% of the corpus.<\/p>\n<\/div> Marie Steffens<\/strong> Am\u00e9lie Bulon, Isa Hendrikx, Fanny Meunier & Kristel Van Goethem<\/strong>
\nWe argue that the comparative head that enters into the mor- phological makeup of the comparative (Bobaljik 2012) is to be split up into two distinct heads (see Caha 2016). Evidence for this claim comes from Czech comparative morphology, root suppletion, and the inter- action of Czech suppletion with negation. We further argue that the account for root suppletion that we provide captures the data better than a Distributed Morphology (DM) account.<\/p>\n<\/div>
\nDans cette contribution, nous traitons deux probl\u00e8mes rencontr\u00e9s lors de l\u2019analyse de n\u00e9ologismes m\u00e9dicaux. Le premier est d\u2019ordre terminologique et concerne l\u2019emploi de notions probl\u00e9matiques comme base, racine, radical et th\u00e8me, et le deuxi\u00e8me, qui se situe sur le plan m\u00e9thodologique, la d\u00e9composition des n\u00e9ologismes en base, racine et affixe(s). Nous avons d\u2019abord donn\u00e9 un aper\u00e7u de la litt\u00e9rature \u00e0 propos de ces concepts th\u00e9oriques pour retenir certaines notions th\u00e9oriques (cf. Huot 2001, Apoth\u00e9loz 2002, Roch\u00e9 2010 et Amiot 2011) que nous avons appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019analyse d\u2019exemples de notre corpus. Ensuite, nous avons pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 les travaux d\u2019Huot (2001) portant sur la segmentation morphologique de termes et ceux de Bonami, Boy\u00e9 et Kerleroux (2009) concernant le suffixe -ion. En suivant leurs m\u00e9thodes, nous avons pu d\u00e9cider quels \u00e9l\u00e9ments font partie de la base ou plut\u00f4t du suffixe. Ces \u00e9tudes nous ont donc permis d\u2019adopter l\u2019approche la plus appropri\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019analyse de ces n\u00e9ologismes m\u00e9dicaux.<\/p>\n<\/div>
\nThis paper introduces \u2018other-language hybrid quotation\u2019 (OLHQ) and speculates that it is a rule-governed linguistic phenomenon. It looks to syntactic accounts of code-switching (CS) for elucidation of the \u2018grammar behind\u2019 the phenomenon. One such account, Poplack\u2019s Equivalence Constraint, is tested against a corpus of 257 examples. It emerges that most of these comply with the constraint, though not all. Consequences are drawn concerning the relationship between OLHQ and CS, and suggestions are made for further research.<\/p>\n<\/div>
\nEn langue des signes, le degr\u00e9 de formalit\u00e9 d\u2019un discours influence-t-il l\u2019importance des r\u00e9ductions phon\u00e9tiques qui y sont produites ? Cet article pr\u00e9sente une premi\u00e8re analyse de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de variation au sein des registres de la langue des signes de Belgique francophone ou LSFB. Le type de r\u00e9duction consid\u00e9r\u00e9 est l\u2019abaissement \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire l\u2019articulation d\u2019un signe en dessous de l\u2019emplacement pour lequel il est sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9 \u2013 dont nous \u00e9tudions la r\u00e9alisation dans deux cat\u00e9gories de signes : les signes frontaux et les signes sym\u00e9triques. \u00c0 partir de l\u2019analyse des productions sign\u00e9es de deux locuteurs de la LSFB dans quatre contextes distincts, nous montrons que le degr\u00e9 d\u2019abaissement des signes est li\u00e9 \u00e0 la formalit\u00e9 des discours : plus un discours est informel, plus les abaissements sont importants. Nous pr\u00e9sentons \u00e9galement l\u2019influence de l\u2019environnement phon\u00e9tique (hauteur, nombre et activit\u00e9 des mains) sur la r\u00e9alisation des abaissements pour les deux cat\u00e9gories de signes consid\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>
\nThe distinction between contraries and complementaries is traditionally based on the assumption that it is possible to deny two contraries simultaneously, while this possibility does not exist for contradictories. In formal logic, this simultaneous negation is equivalent to a third term, the tertium. In research on semantic scalarity, the simultaneous negation of two contraries is considered to denote the central region where neither of the two antonymic poles apply. The lexeme whose meaning corresponds to this central region, if one exists, constitutes a third term associated with the antonymic pair. The most frequently cited examples for third terms in French are ti\u00e8de, moyen and indiff\u00e9rent. This contribution aims to establish a typology of third terms adjoined to antonyms using three criteria: semantic relationship to the antonymic pair, type of opposition between the antonyms, and number of antonymic pairs with which third terms are associated. Through an empirical approach based on the exploitation of a French journalistic corpus, we will also highlight the morpho-syntactic properties of some unstudied third terms.<\/p>\n<\/div>
\nThis study falls within the framework of an interdisciplinary project on Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in French- speaking Belgium. One of the project\u2019s aims is to compare the L2 language proficiency of CLIL and non-CLIL French-speaking learners of English and Dutch. In the present paper we focus on learners\u2019 global proficiency and use of different types of metrics to assess syntactic and lexical complexity in the learners\u2019 written productions. Using various computational tools, we extracted lexical and syntactic complexity scores for texts written by CLIL and non-CLIL pupils in their L2 (English or Dutch) and their L1 (French). These scores were then compared to investigate the potential influence of CLIL education on the pupils\u2019 language proficiency as CLIL programs provide more target language input than non-CLIL programs. We therefore hypothesized that CLIL pupils would display a more native-like competence in the target language, i.e. a more native-like level of syntactic and lexical complexity in their writing. As for the influence of CLIL programs on the L1, we did not expect any difference between the two groups. Our results show that our first hypothesis is only partly confirmed as the effect of CLIL on L2 complexity varies according to the language: while the Dutch texts written by CLIL pupils turn out to be more complex for nearly all measures, this was only the case for half of the measures in the English texts. As initially expected for our second hypothesis, we found no influence of CLIL on the complexity of the pupils\u2019 L1.<\/p>\n<\/div>