The first part concerns the mechanisms of perception and communication that guarantee the integration of organ growth, the phenological development of the plant and the response to external constraints. The messengers considered are phytohormones and secondary metabolites. The themes developed are the regulation of phenological development and the elicitation of natural defense mechanisms. These parts introduce biotechnology, ecophysiology, horticulture and phytopathology. The second part concerns the notions of efficiency defined at the plant level . The three efficiencies considered are the water use efficiency (conductances, climate, photosynthesis, soil), the light use efficiency (interception and translocation, climate, photosynthesis) and the nitrogen use efficiency (biochemistry (collection and use), photosynthesis and soil). The third part concerns the functioning of the plant under abiotic constraints. The topics are deficiencies (water, nitrogen, phosphorus) and excesses (water, salt, metals)as well as the impact of temperature.

 

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