Language

French

Main themes

A. To discuss the basic concepts of regulatory toxicology. The risk assessment procedure is discussed by using both in vitro and in vivo methods. The mechanisms of toxicity are discussed by starting from the formation of reactive intermediates (free radicals and electrophiles), followed by their interaction with biomolecules (lipid peroxidation, protein and nucleic acid adducts, mutation and cancer), loss of cell homeostasis (hypoxia, oxidative stress, etc), the activity of cell defence systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E, etc), and finally cell death (necrosis and apoptosis). B. 1. Definitions of various polymorphisms (SNP, STRP, CNP). 2. Other reasons for interindividual variability (expression: promoters, methylation, acetylation, LCRs,'). 3. Differences between germline, post-zygotic and somatic variability. 4. Techniques to detect genetic variations and expression differences. 5. Importance of variability for development, disorders and therapeutic response. 6. Evolution / future : personalized medicine.

Faculty or entity

FARM