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The goal of this formation is to give to the students an overview of the physical properties of the planetary and stellar atmospheres. The influence of the Sun on the terrestrial atmosphere and the space environment of the Earth are described in detail. The lecture gives also the physical approaches used to describe the gas and plasmas when the collisions decrease with the altitude.
Description:
The Sun:
Stars (formation, destruction, groups) - Description of the inner Sun (fusion, abundance of the elements, radiative, convective zones) ' The solar atmosphere solaire (photosphere, chromosphere, corona) - Sunspots, solar activity cycle ' Solar eruptions (CME, flares, proeminences')- Coronal holes
Physics of gas and plasmas:
Definitions and properties ' Fundamental equations: kinetic and hydrodynamic approaches- Links and differences- Application: hydrostatic equilibrium
The solar wind:
Discovery ' Solar magnetic field - Observations: slow-speed and high-speed solar wind - Application of the fundamental equations for plasmas
The magnetosphere:
Origin of the geomagnetic field - Description of the different regions of plasmas, currents - Magnetopause, polar cusps, plasmasheet, Van Allen belts '
Movement of the particles in a magnetic field:
Decomposition in 3 superposed movements ' Drift forces - Application to the Van Allen belts
Sun-magnetosphere interactions:
Magnetic storms and substorms - Aurora ' Space weather - Indexes of geomagnetic activity
Ionosphere:
Sources of ionization - Ionospheric layers - Propagation of radio waves- Refraction index - Perturbations due to the solar activity - Influence on satellites and GPS ' Plasmapause formation
Neutral atmosphere:
Temperature profile - Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere - Photodissociation, chemical reactions, ozone
Planetary atmospheres:
Mercury ' Venus ' Mars ' Giant planets- Exoplanets
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