Chemistry and Physical Chemistry 1 [ LFSAB1301 ]

Main themes Three general topics will be presented : - the structure of atoms, the periodicity of atomic properties, intra- and inter-molecular bonds and how they control the structure of materials (~2,5 ECTS) ; - an introduction to thermodynamics within the frame of chemical equilibrium, in a rigorous way but without necessarily using the complete formalism of thermodynamics. This includes state variables, the first principle of thermodynamics (energy conservation, internal energy, enthalpy, heat and enthalpy of reaction), the second principle of thermodynamics (spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, entropy), free energy (including its interest to describe equilibrated reactions and its link to equilibrium constants). The notion of perfect gas will also be introduced rapidly; (~2,5 ECTS) - how these notions are of interest to understand typical physical or chemical equilibria, such as acid/base reactions and one-component phase transformation (melting/crystallization and evaporation/condensation); these examples will be worked on further in practical lab experiments. (~1 ECTS).

Table of contents - Generalities: matter, compounds, molecules, atoms ; measurement units ; energy. - Atoms: Discovery of electrons, protons, neutrons ; periodic table of elements ; light as a wave and emission spectra ; Bohr model, orbitals, quantum numbers, atomic radius ; energy of ionization. - Chemical bonds: types, Lewis structure, electronegativity, bond energy. - Thermochemistry : work, energy, first principle, enthalpy, heat of reaction, of formation, of phase change, Hess' law, mass balances. - Second principle of thermodynamics : spontaneous and equilibrated reactions, heat transfer, Boltzmann principle, reaction entropy, Gibbs' free energy, phase changes. - Reaction equilibrium and free energy. Equilibrium constant, acid-base equilibrium, pH (weak and strong acids, salts, buffers, bases). pH computation, titration. Methods will favor active learning techniques. The specific methods are left to the teachers to decide, within the general pedagogical frame set by the EPL. The course will include a few laboratory classes (practicals).