Ecology [ LBIO1251 ]

To understand how ecological systems are structured in space and time, from the basic level, the individual, up to the most complex levels, communities and ecosystems. To analyse the dynamics of these systems (adaptation, evolution, speciation) under the influence of natural environmental changes and those caused by human activities. To master research methods in ecologie (observation, experiments, modelling). To familiarize students with listening to and understanding scientific English.

1-Introduction. The order of the natural world; discovering the order of nature. 2-Organisms in physical environments. Life and the physical environment; water and solute balance; energy and heat; response to variation in the environment; biological factors in the environment; climate, topography, and the diversity of the natural world. 3-Energy and materials in the ecosystem. The ecosystem concept; energy flow in ecosystems; pathways of elements in ecosystems; nutrient regeneration in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; regulation of ecosystem function. 4-Population ecology. Population structure; population growth; population regulation; metapopulations; population fluctuation and cycles; extinction, conservation, and restoration. 5-Population interactions. Resources and consumers; competition theory; competition in nature; predation; herbivory and parasitism; coevolution and mutualism. Practical work for biology students : observations and experiments on three trophic levels (plant, herbivore, carnivore) in the Bois de Lauzelle. Other students : individual observations during spring and development of scientific hypotheses based on these observations.