Group of malformations of the foregut of the embryo including:

• esotracheal fistulas
• laryngeal diastema (especially III and IV)
• congenital pulmonary malformations (formerly: adenomatoid disease of the lung)
• intra- and extralobar sequestrations
• esophageal bronchus
• bridging bronchus
• bronchoesophageal fistulas
• esophageal or gastric duplications
• congenital tracheal atresia or stenosis
• tracheal diverticula
• esophageal trachea
• congenital lobar emphysema

Anesthetic implications: 

according to the precise type of malformation (see specific items)

References : 

-        Srikanth MS, Ford EG, Phillip S, Mahour GH.
Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: classification and embryogenesis.
J Pediatr Surg 1992; 27: 732-6.

-        Désir A, Ghaye B.
Congenital abnormalities of the intrathoracic airways.
Radiol Clin N Am 2009; 47: 203–25

-        Tambucci R, Wautelet O, Haenecour A, François G, Goubeau C, Scheers I etc.
Esophageal trachea, a unique foregut malformationn requiring multistage reconstruction : case report.
Front Pediatr 2020 ; 8 : 605143.

Updated: August 2021